Hotels in Bangkok

Lodgings in Bangkok The Regency Grand Hotel is one of the most esteemed and lavish lodgings in Bangkok, Thailand. Since its origin, it has earned a brand name in the business attributable to the excellent pay rates and advantages advertised. The lodging staff and administrators felt advantaged being an individual from the inn, and saw that they were being taken well consideration of under the authority of the then General Manager. The accompanying contextual investigation lights up the quandary of the workers experiencing the administration changeover following its obtaining by a worldwide gathering. In the prior set-up, the workers were required to follow the sets of their administrators without addressing them. Activities to take care of issues at individual level were disheartened and it prompted absence of development and hazard unwilling conduct. In the long run, the lodging staff got familiar with the style of the board in the course of recent years, and it caused the work to go easily with negligible number of contentions. In any case, the ongoing offer of the lodging to another American gathering presented a through and through new style of organization to the workers. The administration style of the new GM was totally inverse to what the staff was natural to, and it caused issues bringing the inns execution and notoriety down the channel. Issue side effects and signs The previous style of the board gave constrained power to the bleeding edge workers and didn't allow them to make any move on the spot without alluding to their bosses. In actuality, the new General Manager (John Becker) urged them to perform past their normal obligations to give tweaked administrations and along these lines cause them to feel exceptional. This is straightforwardly identified with strengthening, which is a key viewpoint in the administration business particularly the inns (Hubrecht Teare, 1993). Beckers thought process in representative strengthening was connected with his goal to accomplish upper hand through redesigning the staff capabilities. As expressed by Wall, et.al (2002, p.147) representative strengthening brings about inspiration, innovativeness, inferred information, cooperation, and energy important to make due in todays merciless rivalry. In spite of the fact that, Becker considered strengthening to be a way to enthuse workers and pleasure the clients (Barbee Bott, 1991, p. 27) the lodgings current supervisors communicated their failure. They were unhappy with giving primary concern representatives greater position and choice forces. The dissimilarity in the executives approach is ascribed to the social contrasts in these nations, for example power separation, and vulnerability shirking (Hofstede, 1980, p.45-55). Thailand and USA fall in the extraordinary closures of the social continuum introduced by Hofstede (1980). Endeavors are commonly engaged towards equivalent dissemination of intensity in USA, while just a couple of individuals are given expert in Thailand given the bigger force separation in the last mentioned. Additionally, there is solid vulnerability shirking in Thailand, calling for progressively composed principles guidelines, though vulnerability is effortlessly acknowledged in USA and accentuation is laid on insignificant conventional standards (Hofstede, 1980, p.51). Becker neglected to perceive these social contrasts while executing his hypotheses into training. Joining another association and nation requests mindfulness about the different social and social issues required before changing the current practices (Lane Beamish, 1990, p.88). What declined the circumstance further was his past involvement with places with horrible showing and low representative confidence. It is observable that his new task was doing sound business; along these lines, his methodology should be diverse for this situation. Becker invested a lot of energy with the workers with an end goal to explain his desires from them. The job hypothesis (Bush and Busch, 1981; Teas et al., 1979) makes reference to that the bleeding edge workers have a more prominent requirement for job accuracy to do their obligations productively. Job lucidity saw by the client contact workers isn't just worthwhile for consumer loyalty, but on the other hand is related with representatives work fulfillment, authoritative responsibility, and execution (de Ruyter et al., 2001). However, he didn't prevail with regards to putting an unmistakable outline among mind boggling and little issues. This sort of vulnerability was a constant danger and prompted higher nervousness and worry among the representatives since solid vulnerability evasion wins in Thailand (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p.47). The workers didn't have an unmistakable job discernment because of job vagueness. In such manner, Saks (1996, p.301-23) expresses that job discernment is an aftereffect of job uncertainty, and with time this may bring about pressure exceptionally when working under another administration. Notwithstanding that, the representatives couldn't recognize a significant and a minor issue due to the absence of preparing (suspicion). They had never been relegated a dynamic job previously, and sadly didn't get a legitimate direction from their seniors in such troublesome circumstances. A further report into the Regency Grand Hotel shows that in mission of representative strengthening, power was moved from the center line chiefs to the lower rank staff. Ridiculous (1995) recommended that the ongoing pattern of compliment association structures have significantly modified the customary job of chiefs. Therefore, the chiefs secured their position good for nothing and turned around workers choices by naming them complex issues. They demanded that upper administrations endorsement is required to address such issues and consequently, attempted to recover their matchless quality. The directors responses are related to their control needs, accomplishment needs, and acknowledgment needs () that constrained them to keep up their hold on routine choices. Besides, the representatives didn't get any sort of help, input or evaluation for removing activities and going from their approach to enhance clients experience. According to Herzberg (1959) hypothesis, inspiration methods, for example, bosses support and a positive and ideal input have suffering beneficial impact on the representative conduct and coming about execution. In this unique situation, specialists have alluded to the ABCs of conduct change hypothesis (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p. 85-86) which expresses that worker conduct can be changed by dealing with its predecessors (for instance urging staff to step up to the plate) and its ramifications (for example endorsing their choices and useful input). The hypothesis further expresses that individuals have an inclination to rehash practices and activities that are trailed by charming outcomes, and termination happens when no results follow by any means. Since the administrators didn't offer any help to the representatives occupied with the ideal work conduct, their self-propelled dynamic procedure vanished. The nonappearance of inspiration from the bosses disintegrated the representatives self-assurance and they began to thoroughly depend on their bosses to settle on choices for their benefit. This is a direct result of the high cooperation in Thailand (Hofstede, 1980, p. 45) where there is a solid requirement for accord. The general issue with the Grand Regency Hotel is straightforwardly connected to the MARS model, which distinguishes four key factors that directly affect representative conduct, viz. inspiration, capacity, job observation, and situational factors. The representative exhibition levels drop if any of these components is missing from the hierarchical setting (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p. 36). It is evident from the examination that the workers were not roused to proceed with the new undertaking practices, and they came up short on the capacity to characterize the multifaceted nature of the choices, which again prompted uncertain job discernments. In addition, the disappointment of the inns staff influenced their work conduct as obvious by the expansion in the quantity of turnovers and truancy. These are without a doubt recognizable with the EVLN model of representative reactions to disappointment at work. It is discovered that exit is the most as often as possible utilized reaction of the four responses in a thought that no better options exist. (Withey Cooper, 1989, p.533). As demonstrated by (Lau et al., 2003, p.77) job struggle and a low level of employment contribution prompts a higher nonattendance rate. Low degrees of administrative help and quick social control brought about expanded non-appearance. (Cost, 1998, p.227-246). The quantity of representatives botches answered to upper administration expanded; this is a direct result of the absence of preparing, criticism and inspiration. With section of time, an association wide culture developed in the inn where lower level representatives toss their work over the divider to upper level workers enjoying counterproductive act (Lau, et al., 2003, p.75). Thus, the presentation of the representatives hauled the general lodging execution down prompting an expansion in the quantity of visitor complaints.(Heskett, et al., in Koys, 2001, p.113) This was shown in the elevated analysis in the paper and magazine surveys where the inn was named as one of the Asias bad dream inns. The inn General Manager and the representatives experienced significant levels of pressure. Beckers stress was obvious from his announcement except if the lodging is ablaze dont let anybody upset me. He was irritated by the expanding number of meetings from chiefs with respect to minor issues, which in any case should be sifted through without anyone else. This thinks about absence of preparing the supervisors front also. The job equivocalness was the primary explanation for the representatives worry as they misjudged their jobs. Job struggle and job uncertainty have been seen as the significant reasons for job pressure (Boles Babin in Siegall, 2000, p.427). The ever-expanding feelings of anxiety experienced by the representatives debilitated all the great connections that were existent under the more established administration. The representatives were not, at this point joined together, and therefore, counterproductive practices surfaced through double-crossing and workers not assuming liability f

Positive and Negative of Transformational Leadership Essay

As depicted in the past models, pioneers are fundamental to the movement and improvement of fruitful associations. Much commitment could be given to the individuals who follow transformational initiative characteristics and standards. Transformational drives move and result in positive dynamic change inside and all through the organization. Obviously, there are sure and negative perspectives that follow. Ongoing specialists have spent endeavors to comprehend the relationship of pioneer and devotee. In any case, in any event, when weighing-the-cost organizations can not grumble that their general serious and social points of interest thrived as consequence of tranformational overheads. At the point when pioneers effectively recognize everybody actually and socailly, organizations experience maintenance and development which can now and then be viewed as extremely valuable. There are negative ideas to consider, similar to a pioneer must have the option to enough protray a feeling of appeal, helpful inspiration, scholarly incitement and indidulatized conseidetaionl; while driving a group that produces numbers. That could be a great deal of weight, which thus could prompt a pulverized division or organization. In general, transnational initiative execution relationship has considered a positive procedure when coordinated in many frameworks. This week, we proceeded with our exploration and conversation on pioneers and their jobs inside the association. It is impartive that we comprehend and regard the contrasts among pioneers and directors. I referenced a week ago, that until this class I utilized those terms interchangably. Be that as it may, the truth of the matter is that there are numerous distinctions and characteristics that distinish the two. For example, in any event, when you take a gander at the strict importance of the terms. Oversee †an individual can keep up a person or thing without assuming a virtial job in explicitly coordinating. On a similar hand, Leader †somebody can give impeccable guidance and direct for a gathering or thing without having the option to appropriately keep up or oversee it the way required. I can concede, before now I didn't set aside the effort to comprehend the significant contrasts. Characteristics change from pioneer to supervisor also. It is ordinary for most pioneers to esteem and spotlight on money related and efficient status and have an arrangement of long haul objectives and impacts. Most supervisors are stuck on the short termâ goals, while not considering the impacts the organization will understanding. As I look more into these administrative jobs and characteristics it gets simpler to see and recognize.

College Essay News and Tips from College Essay Advisors

College Essay News and Tips from College Essay Advisors College Essay News and Tips: CEAs Link Roundup College Essay News and Tips: CEAs Link Roundup College essay news has been coming fast and furious but we only select the best, most interesting stories for you, dear readers. Sit back, relax, and bask in the glow of our  hand-picked college essay news items. Remember that  New Republic  piece on the Ivy League? Of course you do. Heres another response. There is no better feeling than being proven right:  school does, in fact, start too early. The New York Times lists  the most economically diverse top colleges. Remember when back to school shopping meant binders and colored pens? Lifehacker doesn’t remember that either. Apps are where it’s at. We could NOT WAIT to share this:  A previously unpublished chapter of Roald Dahl’s Charlie and the Chocolate Factory! A brave young woman wrote  about her rape and sexual abuse by her stepfather in her college essay,  resulting in an 18-year sentence for the perpetrator. Quite a story. Inspiration for writing your college essay can come from anywhere. Including Broadway. True or False? International students head to smaller U.S. cities for college more than larger ones. Gawker ranks safety schools.   In the wise words of RuPaul “your fear of looking stupid is making you look stupid.” Need help on your essay? Ask us for advice! Read our guide  to the 2015-16 Common App Essay. Read more about  The College Essay Advisors Process. Check out these  Tips for Brainstorming Essay Topics. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ » College Essay News and Tips from College Essay Advisors College Essay News and Tips: CEAs Weekly Link Roundup College Essay News and Tips: CEAs Weekly Link Roundup Welcome back to our second installment of our new series, College Essay Link Roundup!  We had a great time reading up on the latest admissions and college essay news (with a glass of lemonade on our lounge chair, OBVS), and have lots to share with you. Between our last Roundup and now, the internet exploded with commentary on William Deresiewicz’s piece in the New Republic, warning parents not to send their kids to Ivy League schools.  Everyone from the New Yorker, to Salon, to the New Republic again had an opinion. Clearly this is a topic that deserves a good, long  exploration. Might we  suggest that you  talk amongst yourselves? In other, less incendiary, news:  The Onion goes on campus tours with you. Slate Magazine’s Rebecca Schuman wants you to stop right-click-thesaurasizing everything you write.  Otherwise, she will give you the “you keep using that word; I do not think it means what you think it means” talk. Essay-writing tips by an international student for international applicants that can work for domestic applicants too. Hate standardized tests?  Some schools are starting to agree with you. A Boston University application reader listens to the James Brown Pandora station on her “pajama days” reading applications.  How many essay writers just turned on some James Brown right now?  We bet at least half of you are writing in pajamas already. About CEA HQView all posts by CEA HQ »

Research Process, Res 341 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1159 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Research Process Paper Res/341 Research and Evaluation 1, James Espino, Penni Kjellesvik, Cassandra Kowieski, Takako Tizon May 15, 2010 Lance Milner Research Process Paper Some individuals believe that education and earnings go hand in hand. The lesser the education, the smaller the wages, and thus with a greater education may lead to an increase in wages. The focus of this discussion will involve what the research process entails for the subject of wages and the relationship between education, and wage earnings. This research project will discuss the purpose of the research, define the problem, propose three possible hypothesizes, identify the variables, and define the problem in quantifiable measurements. Additionally, why the research is important, what question the research will answer, and the necessary steps to follow in the research process will clearly be shown. Purpose of Research According to some research studies the level of education that an individual obtains directly correlates to the wages that he or she will earn over his or her lifetime. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research Process, Res 341" essay for you Create order The higher the degree of education that a person attains can affect the amount of wages that he or she will earn. Research shows that there is also a difference in wage earnings by males and females who have earned the same degrees. â€Å"The highest paid 10% of male workers with advanced degrees earned $3,260 or more weekly, compared to $2,252 or more for women of the same education level† (Wall Street Journal, 2009). The research suggests that there is an advantage of an increase in earning power by an individual who continues his or her education, and advances the degrees that he or she holds. This research may be important for anyone who is considering whether or not he or she should continue to further his or her education. The time, effort, and expense that a person invests in continuing his or her education may result in producing the potential for a higher income in earned wages in many fields of industry throughout their life. Problem Definition A problem could be any situation where a gap exists between the actual and the desired ideal states. The problem in this case would be what research method to use when trying to see the relationship between education and wages. In order to find the solution to this problem we would need to look at what extent does an individual’s level of education contribute to the earnings of that individual during the duration of his or her career. Simply noting the external factors that will play a role during the investigation is only the beginning. A wealth of information still needs to be addressed. Ultimately the research will determine if a person with a degree will generally earn more than an individual with less education during his or her career. Research Hypothesis After properly defining the problem for the research, the next step is to identify the research hypothesis. In this search of the correlation between level of education and the wages earned, there are three possible hypotheses for the outcomes this research may show. First hypothesis is simply that the higher the level of education, the higher potential of earning. Second hypothesis that higher the level of education and the level of motivation affecting it, greatly influences the potential of higher earnings The third hypothesis is that the higher the level of education and the gender of an individual, influenced by their social background, greatly correlate to the potential earnings. In the three hypothesizes mentioned the variables must be tested to confirm or deny the theories. In the three hypotheses explained above, they share a common dependent variable. The dependent variable in this scenario is the potential wage earnings. Dependent variable or criterion variable is the primary reason for this research (Sekaran, 2003). The independent variables are the level of education and the gender of an individual that affects the earning potential for an individual. Independent variables are known as predictor variables, and they are the cause of influence on the dependent variables (Sekaran, 2003). Social background is another variable in two of the hypotheses, which are identified as the moderating variables. Social background of an individual may affect the influences of the independent variables in the way that his or her cultural differences may affect the way he or she perceives the importance of education, and work ethics. Moderating variables are the third type of variables, which can have an effect on the original relationship between the dependent, and independent variables (Sekaran, 2003). The level of measurement for these variables is a classification as either categorical or qualitative variables. The dependent variable of the wage earnings is a qualitative variable, which is measured on a ratio scale. The independent variable of gender is a categorical variable, which measures on a nominal scale. Level of education is a continuous variable which is measured on an interval scale. Lastly, the moderating variables mentioned above are measured as a categorical variable on a nominal scale (Doane Seward, 2007). Remaining Steps in Research Process The remaining steps for this research project are to examine the current literature available for the subject of wages, earning potential, and evaluate their relationship with gender, social background, and education. In addition to comparing the research literature with other subsequent years, sampling design, data collection, and data analyses steps will be taken. Obtaining further information and analyzing the information gathered may support one of the three hypotheses, or could reveal a different result. Obtaining information specifically for each gender, and social background in relation to education level, and wage earnings, as well as profession will be reviewed, documented, and evaluated for further clarification. Summary This research process paper’s discussion focuses upon researching the topic of wage earnings and their relationship to higher education. The research steps involve, the purpose of the research, describing the research problem and why it has importance, defining the problem, defining the problem with quantifiable measurements, proposing three hypotheses that may result from this research, define operational definitions for each variable, identify the variables to be tested, and define both the level of measurement for each variable, and the measurement scale for each variable. The remaining steps of the research for wages, wages earnings and education are to examine and evaluate the literature available for the most current year and compare with other subsequent years, sampling design, data collection, and data analyses. In concluding this research project we are attempting to prove that the higher the education level an individual has the greater the earning power an individual has. References Doane, D. P. , Seward, L. E. (2007). Applied statistics in business and economics. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (4th ed. ). New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Wall Street Journal(2009). Women’s Wages Outpaced Men’s During Recession, https://online. wsj. com/article/SB25572097632690573. html. , retrieved May 14, 2010. U. S. Department of Labor. (2010). Equal Pay and Compensation Discrimination. Retrieved from https://www. dol. gov/dol/topic/wages/educational. htm.

William Shakespeare s Macbeth - 912 Words

Throughout time, in stories, there has always been a part of a story that pretty much makes the whole story. Those could be scenes. One particular form of writing, is movies, they are made up of continuous scenes. One of these scenes or scenes can be very impactful for the whole concept of the movie. One scene that comes in mind would be the â€Å"I am your father† scene from Star Wars. Everyone knows that scene, especially people who are really big star wars fans. That scene is probably their favorite of all time. But anyway, that scene changed the whole story dramatically. Other forms of writing that has scenes would be plays. What I am going to be writing about is Macbeth. The play Macbeth has a lot of very crucial scenes that make up the play and that make it very interesting. However one of the most significant scenes would be the one from act 4, scene two. There are three themes that make this scene so significant, those are: the theme of flight, the theme of manhood, a nd the theme of treason. The first them in this scene is the theme of flight. This scene starts off with Lady Macduff and her son walking on stage. The theme of flight starts with her saying that her husband flew away (Macduff). When she says flight, she means that he went away. The theme of flight is very strong in this scene. When she walks on stage with her son Ross, she says that she isn’t really sure if her husband has any wisdom. She questions it because he â€Å"flew† away with no reasoning. I guess sheShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1363 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt one of the most captivating plays, in my opinion written by William Shakespeare. Throughout this play there is definitely a numerous amount of things that can catch your attention, whether it is a trio of witches appearing, committing murder, or keeping secrets. However, what really catches my attention is the way Shakespeare uses language and unique style to create a distinct mood, and rev eal characters’ inner thoughts. 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Discussion Board, Jamie Carolyn Free Essays

In the world today, there are a lot of unfortunate people who are suffering due to the conditions that they find themselves in as a result of natural disasters or other unrelated issues. Every human being has the right to have a good life through education, healthy life and income stability. However, this can only be achieved by the existence of humanitarian organizations such as the United Way as some of the governments in these areas are not capable of providing the services. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion Board, Jamie Carolyn or any similar topic only for you Order Now These humanitarian organizations are not profit making and this means that they survive on grants from other profit making organizations. As Smith et al. (2000, pg 285) says, it is necessary for nonprofit organizations to be honest and transparent in their finances. This is the only way that they will win trust of their donors who provide with finances which help them to achieve their mission. Transparency should not only be on their finances but should also be on the way they govern their organization and the people they hire to provide the services. (Smith et al, pg. 311, 330) Response to Carolyn Posting It is the dream of every human being to have a better life. However, this can only be achieved if one has a constant income which can only provided by a good job. To get a good job, one needs to be educated so as to acquire the skills needed. However, as Smith et al, (2000, pg 309) says, education and skills are not the only things that are needed for a person to get that good job, there is a need to get the knowledge that will help you to prove to the employer that indeed you are the one who should get that job. These are the services that are offered by Goodwill Industries International Inc. Such services require one or the provider to be honest. This virtue can only be given by an organization that does not look forward to some gains from the client. Nonprofit organizations such as Goodwill Industries International Inc. are therefore known to train individuals with utmost good faith. This is known to help them conduct humanitarian and other activities in any type of organization they may be in. (Smith et al, pg 288) References Smith, B. et al. (2000). The Complete Guide to Nonprofit Management. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. How to cite Discussion Board, Jamie Carolyn, Papers

Union Management Partnerships Agreement

Question: Describe about the "Union Management Partnerships Agreement". Answer: Introduction Partnership Agreements between Trade Unions and the Management of businesses have become an important aspect of business success. This paper looks at the key successes in union-management partnership agreements in the United Kingdom and Singapore, and then uses recommendations from their success and failures to inform a successful partnership agreement between FDAWU (Food and Drinks Allied Workers Union) and the management of a food manufacturing company. The Trade Union Congresses (TUC) principles will inform the report. Also, the report will analyze the characteristics of partnership agreements, its advantages, and disadvantages with case examples from the UK and Singapore (cut costs to save jobs). The report will also look at the implications of such partnerships for the unions/employees and management. Guidelines on a Flexible and Competitive Wage System will make up the recommendations besides other findings. In conclusion, the report will look at Skills Redevelopment Program as part of the partnership agreement. Background to Union- Management Partnerships Agreements in the UK Union-Management Partnership agreement is a contract between the trade union and the management of the business. The agreement entails the trade union collectively bargaining for the welfare of workers regarding wages, work rules, complaint procedures, benefits, workplace safety, policies, terms of hiring, promotion, and firing, and in turn the management gains by receiving employee flexibility and quality in productivity. In the mid-19th Century, trade unions in the UK were stronger than the Political Labor Movement (Lecher, 1994). In the 1990s, governments in the UK encouraged the voluntary signing of the partnership agreements between workers and managers to promote mutual gain (Goslin Machin, 1993), this partnership was created to enhance more efficient working practices and improve financial performance where employees would gain through better wages and working conditions. In 2011, there were over six million members in trade unions affiliated with Trade Union Congress (TUC) i n the UK. The Food Drinks and Allied Workers Union (FDAWU) were formed in 1964 and was later merged with FBIWU in 2000. This union represents employees in the manufacturing and processing of food and beverages products and catering. Trade Union Congress (TUC) Principles of Partnership Joint Commitment to the success of the business Unions and Employers should recognize each others legitimate interests and resolve differences in an atmosphere of trust iii. Commitment to employment security Focus on the quality of working life Transparency and Sharing information Mutual gains for unions and employers, delivering concrete improvements to business performance, terms and conditions and employee involvement UK case studies Legal general and MSF (currently Unite) Legal General is one of UKs largest financial companies. It employs around 6000 people in the UK. Between 1995 and 1998, individual new businesses and funds under management increased. Legal General donates 0.5% of its profits for social responsibility to charity and non-profits organizations. Previously, union-management relations in Legal General were based on limited forms of engagement. In 1979, Legal General signed a partnership agreement with Association of Scientific Technical and Managerial Staffs (ASTMS). Their relations have since been good. The company even encouraged employees and managers to be a part of the union to ensure balanced representation of the workforce as a whole. The union played a big role in annual pay bargaining, but union-management interactions were limited to only disciplinary and grievance handling. This form of limited interactions promoted adversity and led to two strikes in 1987. Union officers complained that the union avoided important areas and aspects of its responsibility thereby unable to influence staffing levels and the organization of work implemented by management. This led to a decline in membership. The management complained that the union lacked proper and frequent communication with the employees. In 1996, the company decided a change process and a new partnership agreement. They decided to develop a strategy that enhances communication with employees. They decided to replace the old-style adversarial system with a collaborative management approach, and organizational values were emphasizing trust and mutual respect for the contribution of members to employee relations. The company did not throw MSF out, but instead got them involved in decision making. In June 1996, the management and union decided to set up a joint party to develop new principles and goals of the new partnership, and to have certain areas as common ground. In April 1997, they concluded the Partnership Agreement and included characteristics of workplace organizations. The partnerships agreement included mutual legitimization where differing interests are recognized and respected. It recognized the managements right and duty to manage and the unions right to represent its members. The other was the cooperative process where conflicts are to be avoided. Lastly, they agreed on joint decision making and consultation, which accords both parties full and early participation. They operate under the Joint Employment Policy Forum where both parties meet twice a year with equal representation to discuss matters of business results and strategy, rewards strategy, training and development and employability among other issues. Both company and union got positive benefits from the partnership. In 1997-1998, the partners jointly came up with a customer focused approach with more diverse opening hours to cater for customer needs, flexible working hours and greater discretion for customers in certain areas. Another focus was on career development. To date, Legal General funds a company development manager in charge of skills development for the union representatives to ensure greater productivity and knowledge. They also have a Joint Charter of Employee Rights and Responsibilities to enhance performance and accountability. The management promoted a more open and inclusive process with the union. For instance, in 1999, the Union made a presentation on senior management restructuring. Other policies jointly developed were the anti-harassment, whistle-blowing and equal opportunities. The partnerships success has been propelled overtime by communication to members through a newsletter, workshops, and emails. Chal lenges reported were that members fail to see the role and outcome of representatives. Usdaw and tesco TESCO became the largest food retailer in the UK regarding market share. USDAW got very little representation in TESCO. They had a narrow scope of influence and only got consultations after events and after important decisions had been made. They formed a partnership agreement with nine pillars (Baker, 1990). The pillars addressed issues like processes for employment relations to support rapid change, improved quality of representation, communication with all staff, joint problem solving other than an adversarial way of resolving disputes, improved policy implementation and more concern and respect for different cultures and values. It also includes regular joint problem solving and consultation. They use store forums where any staff may be elected although USDAW has one position reserved for its staff. TESCO takes the decisions on issues affecting the business but gives USDAW a major say in managing the impact of changes. The agreement was launched with a booklet entitled Working Together Better: A Real Partnership, which had representatives from store managers and representatives from USDAW. The store briefings increased the membership significantly. The consultative procedures were successful for the partnership between USDAW and TESCO. Characteristics of Partnerships Improvement of business performance (Commercial Success) The core reason for businesses to form partnerships with unions is to improve the performance of the business. They form agreements to foster accountability in both the workers and the employer. Flexible working methods Partnerships advocate for flexible working methods. For instance, pregnant and lactating women require more time for rest. Lactating women need flexible time to breastfeed their newly born. Employees who need time to attend to urgent needs should have it. Employment security Partnerships enhance employment security in the sense that they advocate for fair rules to replace retrenchment with alternative jobs in the company. Development of rewards system related to company performance/sharing in success Partnerships have the aspect of employee reward system where the efforts of employees are recognized and rewarded. Improvement of communications systems Partnership agreements focus on improving communication systems between the workers and the management. The representatives of the unions create a link between the workers and the management (Clarke, 2009) Achievement of single status for all employees through the harmonization of terms and conditions All employees enjoy similar working conditions irrespective of the position held. Partnerships create agreements that harmonize terms and conditions for employees Agreements over payments Payments determine the performance of employees in certain instances. Hence, the union-management partnerships ensure that agreements about payments are created between the employers and the employees. Advantages of Union-Management Partnership Agreement To Union/ Employees Improved rewards and working conditions The union represents the grievances of the employees thereby pressing the management to provide good working conditions with rewards for those who deserve applauding. Positive relations with supervisors Union- Management partnerships enhance positive relations between the management and employees. The representation of employee grievances and needs to management promotes concern and fair treatment by supervisors hence healthy relations (Bennet, 2013). Enhanced employee consultations and involvement Partnerships require that employees are involved all matters affecting them and that they have the power to make decisions over such matters. It, therefore, increases their involvement in consultations before decisions are made (Holgate, 2013) Greater job security Positive relations between management and employees create concern for their welfare and chances for such benefits as skills development. Chances of retrenchment are also reduced. To Employers Less time spent in grievances/ Improved morale and committed staff Employees become satisfied with their working conditions and services offered at work. They shift their focus from complaining to productivity Better decision-making The management involves the employees in, making decisions that affect them. The union also represents the needs of the employees to management and vice versa. This way, an inclusive decision-making process is created. A higher skilled workforce Partnerships encourage skills development of the employees. The management, therefore, benefits from a higher skilled workforce with a well skilled and equipped workforce. Disadvantages Duplicity and partial/ partial commitment by management Partnerships duplicate the work of management by the union. The management, therefore, may not fully commit itself to its work. External shocks such as product market turn down/ corporate takeovers Worker rejection of acquiescence Possibility of work intensification Make may become too much for the employees since they are expected to perform. Pressure resulting from achieving highly could intensify the amount of work. Limitations of Union- Management Partnerships Union- Management partnerships are beneficial but have their limitations too. Some of the limitations are that the union may want to take a good portion of management roles. Management is therefore left with limited roles to play as the union gets involved. The management may also have limited privacy in managing its affairs buy involving the union in managerial matters. Singapore Case Study (cut costs to save jobs) The tri-partite partnership in Singapore came about after decades of adversarial and confrontational industrial relations. The National Wages Council (NWC) established in 1972 was the first tripartite institution in Singapore which brought together the Government, employers and workers to formulate wage guidelines, achieve orderly wage increases and to prevent wage disputes which could hinder the process of industrialization (Lim, 1999). The agreement was based on trust and understanding among the three partners. Different committees and task forces were formed. Some of them are Committee on the Employment Act, Retirement Extension Age, Retrenched workers, Portable Medical Benefits, Wage Restructuring, Flexible Work Schedule, and Community Engagement at Workplace, etc. The Singapore Tripartism Forum (STF) was launched in 2007. The Economic Strategies Committee also addresses broader issues of social representation in partnerships. The major tripartite actors in Singapore include the Ministry of Manpower, National Trades Union Congress, and the Singapore National Employers Federation. These bodies pursue a partnership and problem-solving approach addressing and finding solutions to employment and industrial relations issues. Values for Social Dialogue Shared Responsibility The tripartite partners are committed to working together and sharing responsibilities. The Government provides a favorable working and investment environment for businesses; the workers ensure their continuous development by upgrading their skills and learning while the employers create well-paying jobs while adding their value. Common Understanding The tripartite agreement enhances common understanding where all the members involved are given the opportunity to air out their concerns. They promote regular dialogue and formal and informal information sharing to engage all members and put their concerns at the center of the partnership. Mutual Trust and Respect Over the years, the partners have developed mutual trust and respect that has enabled favorable working conditions. Partners have leaned to trust each other and build confidence among the members. This kind of respect and trust enables open sharing of ideas and building of consensus. Mutual Benefits The tripartite agreement aims at promoting mutual benefits for all the members. The Government formulates and implements industrial and employment policies to achieve social and economic goals for the benefit of both the members and the people in general. Workers enjoy economic gains while the employers get favorable conditions to run their businesses. Continued Efforts The members of the tripartite union believe in continued efforts where every partner improves their quality of output and for the good of everyone. They work hand in hand to bear beneficial fruits and take into consideration the struggles of fellow members. The main tripartite institutions in Singapore are the National Wage Council, Singapore Workforce Development Agency, Employment and Employability Institute and the Tripartite Alliances for Fair Employment Practices. Jobs Credit Scheme Under this scheme, the Government assists employers with their wage bills by giving 12% cash grant on the first $2500 of each local employees monthly wage. Employers who have paid the Central Provident Fund contributions are guaranteed of the jobs credit. Tripartite Guidelines on Managing excess manpower These guidelines provide other alternatives to employers other than retrenchment. It suggests redeploying workers to alternative areas of work within the company, sending them for training and implementing temporary lay-off or a flexible work schedule (Lee, 2011) The United Workers of electrical and electronic industries together with Murata Electronics Singapore Limited are examples of companies that underwent crisis recovery action through the tripartite agreements provisions. Recommendations for Union-Management Partnership Agreements Flexible and Competitive Wage System A flexible and competitive wage system enables companies to make quick decisions on wages. This kind of wage system ensures that the wage reflects the value of the job. Wage increases here reflect company profitability and individual performance. It ensures that wage increases are not given on permanent basis and that the workers have a stable income. The food processing industry and FDAWU should consider creating a partnership with this kind of wage system. It will help regulate remuneration and wages. Skills Redevelopment Program The skills redevelopment program provides opportunities to specific staff and employees to gain from skills training activities in their jobs. Certain employees who have been selected for skills development benefit from training which boosts their skills and knowledge in certain areas. Instead of firing employees since they lack certain skills, the employers should engage them in such skills development programs (Harrison, 2009). FDAWU and the food manufacturing industries should form partnership agreements and include skills redevelopment as one of the elements of employee benefits. Implications of Partnership Agreements for Management and Unions/ Employees Unions/ Employees According to members of the tripartite agreement in Singapore, they believe that tri-partism delivers outcomes. Workers can share in the process of economic benefits and development. Great improvements have been made in the lives of the workers, their jobs, wages, and welfare. The workers believe that tripartite cooperation is an effective way of improving the quality of life for them. Employers For employers, the tripartite system is a flexible and effective way of delivering results. The tripartite agreement helped businesses recover from the economic recession with tangible outputs. Employers believe that the tripartite system promotes sustainable and inclusive growth. Conclusion Union- Management Partnership Agreements have proved to have beneficial outcomes for the members involved. In the United Kingdom, the merging of Trade unions with management to run and operate businesses brought more of profits than losses to the companies. In the long run, all the involved parties gained, with the unions and employees enjoying representation in matters affecting them while the management received quality results from the workers with minimum supervision. The tripartite agreement in Singapore between the Government, the workers, and the employers created an environment conducive for business and made it easy for businesses to recover even after tough economic times. The challenges and limitations of partnerships can be handled by mutual problem solving and involving all stakeholders in decision-making (Addison Scanabel, 2003). Otherwise irrespective of its limitations, partnership agreements are an effective way of enhancing business success. References Addison, J. T., Schnabel, C. (2003). International handbook of trade unions. Cheltenham, UK: The Concerns Of The National Wages Council. (2014). An Insider's View Singapore's National Wages Council, 141-147. doi:10.1142/9789814525756_0007 Economic Restructuring In Singapore. (2014). An Insider's View Singapore's National Wages Council, 117-124. doi:10.1142/9789814525756_0005 Baker, P. (1990). Trade unions and industrial relations in the UK. York: Longman. Bennett, T. (2013). Do union-management learning partnerships reduce workplace conflict? Employee Relations,36(1), 17-32. doi:10.1108/er-02-2013-0018 Bheim, R., Zweimller, M. (2012). The Employment of Temporary Agency Workers in the UK: For or Against the Trade Unions? Economica,80(317), 65-95. doi:10.1111/j.1468- 0335.2012.00935.x Clark, I. (2009). Private Equity in the UK: Job Regulation and Trade Unions. Journal of Industrial Relations,51(4), 489-500. doi:10.1177/0022185609339514 Gosling, A., Machin, S. (1993). Trade unions and the dispersion of earnings in UK establishments, 1980-1990. London: Centre for Economic Performance, the London School of Economics and Political Science. Harrisson, D., Roy, M., Iii, V. H. (2009). Union Representatives in Labour-Management Partnerships: Roles and Identities in Flux. British Journal of Industrial Relations,49(3), 411-435. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00758.x Holgate, J. (2013). Community organizing in the UK: A 'new' approach for trade unions? Economic and Industrial Democracy,36(3), 431-455. doi:10.1177/0143831x13511275 Lecher, W. (1994). Trade unions in the European Union: A Handbook. London: Lawrence Wishart. Lee, Y. Y. (2011). ASEAN Matters: Reflecting on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Singapore: World Scientific Pub. Leisink, P., Steijn, A. J., Veersma, U. (2007). Industrial relations in the new Europe: Enlargement, Integration, and reform. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Lim, C. Y. (1999). The National Wages Council: Issues And Initiatives. Tripartism in Singapore Wages and Wages Policies, 48-69. doi:10.1142/9789812815644_0005 Lim, C. Y. (1999). The National Wages Council: Targets And Goals. Tripartism in Singapore Wages and Wages Policies, 28-47. doi:10.1142/9789812815644_0004 Lim, C., Chew, R. (1998). Wages and wages policies: Tripartism in Singapore. Singapore: World Scientific. Meeusen, W. (1999). Economic policy in the European Union: Current perspectives. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Moore, G. (2010). Fairness in International Trade: The Case of Economic Partnership Agreements. Fairness in International Trade The International Society for Business, Economics, and Ethics Book Series, 195-216. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8840-6_10 Royle, T., Towers, B. (2002). Labor relations in the global fast food industry. New York: Routledge. Stewart, P., Charron, E. (2004). Work and employment relations in the automobile industry. New York: Palgrave Macmillan in association with GERPISA Terry, M. (2004). Partnership: A Serious Strategy for UK Trade Unions? Unions in the 21st Century, 205-219. doi:10.1057/9780230524583_15 Undy, R. (1981). Change in trade unions: The development of UK unions since the 1960s. London: Hutchinson. Verma, A., Kochan, T. A. (2004). Unions in the 21st century: An international perspective. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Wallis, E. (2000). Industrial relations in the privatized coal industry: Continuity, change, and contradictions. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate.

Use of Ladders on the Workplace

Occupational stress and work-life balance in the public sector in Saudi Arabia The WritePass Journal

Occupational stress and work-life balance in the public sector in Saudi Arabia Introduction Occupational stress and work-life balance in the public sector in Saudi Arabia ). This research found that culture and religion, health insurance and transportation are considered unique factors to the female employees in Saudi Arabia. The women who worked in the education sector all recognized their work as being culturally acceptable. Part of this sector necessarily includes academic employees, however education generally refers to primary, secondary and tertiary education institutions, whereas the current study proposes examine the academic field as a whole rather than isolating this to traditional forms of academics in the form of teaching. In contrast, women who worked in the medical field stated they did not always feel comfortable because they do work in the same space as male colleagues. Arguably, when one moves towards more advanced levels of academic employ, this lack of comfort becomes more pronounced as the employment moves away from being matriarchal (lower levels of education dealing with children and adolescents have been noted to respond better to females).   In Saudi Arabia, many in these fields do not have health insurance whereas most of them suffer from the issue of transportation. In terms of family and personal lives, Saudi women workers do not consider childcare centers as important as entrusting their maids or nannies with their children and therefore, most Saudi women workers bring maids to care for their children whilst they are at work. In addition, some Saudi women are not satisfied with their work hours especially when work hours surpass lunch hours or work occurs at night. Finally, Saudi women workers can find help at home either from husband, mother or maid and this may reduce work family conflict that Saudi working women face. Based on the findings of these previously conducted research papers, it is evident that this is a relevant gap in the current knowledge on occupational stress. The proposed research aims to further the current field of knowledge by conducting a specific inquiry into these factors as they relate to academic employment. If one considers the importance of education as a foundational pillar of society and development, adopting appropriate organizational behavior to mitigate organizational stress and therefore improve academic outcomes is an important and relevant study for sociological and corporate purposes. This research therefore aims to use the underlying theoretical considerations of organizational stress and the difficulties of establishing and maintaining a work-life balance to study the effects of the unique Saudi experience on female academic employees in the public sector. To current knowledge, there have been no similar studies undertaken in this field and therefore the gap in knowledge is evident. By understanding the unique factors of this situation, helpful recommendations for the adjustment of organizational behavior of academic institutions can be made to mitigate these stresses and improve overall organizational efficiency. Research Design Methodology The methodology proposed for the research is qualitative in nature, where the researcher aims to gain an understanding of the human behavior and the reasons that govern this behavior. The hypothesis of this research will be founded in academic literature sourced from a variety of secondary sources and thereafter supported by empirical evidence in the form of interviews conducted with relevant study participants. Thereafter this qualitative data will be analyzed in order to conclude recommendations and findings as to the nature of occupational stress and the work-life balance in the public sector for female academic employees. Proposed Structure The current research proposal has given a broad overview of the issues to be covered in the research, which will be conducted according to the following proposed structure: Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study 1.1 Saudi Arabia Context 1.2 Religion and culture 1.3 Work by gender Chapter 2: Methodology Chapter 3: Considerations of Occupational Stress 3.1 Introduction to the study of occupational stress. 3.2 Stresses and strains experienced by academic employees: A literature review 3.3 A empirical study of stresses and strains experienced by academic employees Chapter 4: Considerations of Work-Life Conflict 4.1 Work-Family Conflict 4.2 Hours of Work 4.3 Females Concentrated in Narrow Fields 4.4 Work-Life Balance 4.5 The Importance of Work-life Balance for Women 4.6 Organizational Response to Work-life Issues Chapter 5: Female Academic Employment in the Public Sector in Saudi Arabia 5.1 The nature, predictors and outcomes of work-life conflict in academic employees in the public sector Chapter 6: Discussion Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion Modern challenges to traditional ideas of organizational structure, behavior and culture have an important place in modern academic literature. Through understanding the particular circumstances in a geographical region such as Saudi Arabia, as well as the challenges facing these employees, one can begin to develop a conceptual framework for streamlining organizational objectives and maximizing the performance of these employees. The current research therefore proposes to undertake a study which examines these factors through understanding of the relevant theoretical considerations, as well as the factors particular to this sector and geographical region. References Al-Dehailan, Salman Saleh  (2007)  The participation of women in Saudi Arabias economy: Obstacles and prospects.Doctoral thesis, Durham University Alqahtani, S. (2006) The Education in Saudi Arabia critical view (1ed.). Riyadh, KSA. Bahkali, W. (2012) The Issues of Work Life Balance for Saudi Women Workers: A dissertation. Masters Thesis, University of Waikato Gurney, Sarah  (2010)  Gender, work-life balance and health amongst women and men in administrative, manual and technical  jobs inhttp://theses.gla.ac.uk/1641/  a single organisation: a qualitative study.  PhD  thesis,  University of Glasgow. Henry, O. Evans, A. (2008) Occupational Stress in Organizations and Its Effects on Organizational Performance. Journal of Management Research, 8(3). Lakshmipriya, Neena, S. (2008) Work Life Balance of Women Employees. [online] Available on: indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP183/op183.html [Accessed 8 November 2012] Lowe, G. (2006) Under Pressure: Implications of Work-Life Balance and Job Stress, Human Solutions TM Report. [online] Available on: grahamlowe.ca/documents/182/Under%20Pressure%2010-06.pdf [Accessed 8 November 2012] Strauss, E. (2007) The Glass Ceiling: Women and Barriers in the Workplace. [online] Available on: associatedcontent.com/article/224822/the_glass_ceiling_women_and_ barriers_pg2.html?cat=3 [Accessed 8 November 2012] Travers, C. (2001) ‘Stress in teaching: past, present and future’ In Dunham, J. (Ed) Stress in workplace: past. Present and future.   London: Whurr Publishers Tytherleigh, M., Webba, C., Cooper, C. Ricketts, A. (2007) Occupational stress in UK higher education institutions: a comparative study of all staff categories. Higher Education Research Development, 24(1), pp. 41 – 61 Valcour, P. Batt, R. (2003) Worf-Life Integration: Challenges and Organisational Responses. Human Resource Studies, Faculty Publication, 1(1) Yamani, M. (1996) ‘Some Observations on women in Saudi Arabia.’ In M. Yamani (ed) Feminism and Islam: Legal and Literary Perspectives. New York: New York University Press.

Gynecomastia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gynecomastia - Essay Example Although this condition worries those a lot that experience it, yet they are least likely to share what they experience with others because they don’t want to be made fun of. Most people are not aware of this condition and hence tend to make fun of the individuals that carry gynecomastia. As I read more, I came to know that people tend to go for expensive surgeries in order to get this treated, but most resolve to lie in pain with it because they don’t have the courage to discuss their problem with anyone. Thus, the patient lacks emotional support. I read the readers’ comments at the end of the article and many expressed that they wanted to do something about it but didn’t know how to go about it. This motivated me to interview a surgeon and seek his opinion regarding the treatment of gynecomastia. The first thing I did about it was get an appointment with the surgeon. He is a famous surgeon in a government hospital and has been performing surgeries for ov er 15 years. I had already prepared a list of questions that I needed his replies to. The questions were; â€Å"How often do you encounter the cases of gynecomastia? What are the possible treatments for gynecomastia? What is the cost of surgery and which is the most cost-effective treatment? How can gynecomastia be prevented?

ENTREPRENEURSHIP Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

ENTREPRENEURSHIP - Coursework Example It has been expressed by analysts that fresh cold sandwiches ingredient with green vegetables are abundantly desirable among the various levels of people. Hence, after analysis of different business analysts’ views and market researchers, it has been decided to start a fast food restaurant business in London. Hence, as an entrepreneur, it is essential to build plan and execute a start up fast food restaurant business in the competitive market of the London. Based on the market research, the restaurant will be serving fresh and healthy hamburgers and green vegetable sandwiches to the customers. Paramount importance will be provided on service and food quality to ensure greater customer satisfaction. The interiors of the restaurant will also be considered as an important aspect for attracting substantial customer base. Accordingly, the restaurant will be furnished in traditional style revealing the local culture of the UK. Irrespective of the size of the organisations, structured vision and mission are essential element for channelizing the efforts towards the specific direction. Correspondingly, the vision and mission of the restaurant are driven by the goals of achieving competitive advantage and profit-maximization along with securing growth in the foreign market. The vision of the restaurant is to deliver utmost customer satisfaction through deliverance of healthy food items at affordable prices. Similarly, the mission of the restaurant is to achieve the position of being most promising and leading competitor in the fast food business industry in the UK and to attain rapid expansion in other parts of the world as well (Gartenstein, n.d.). Businesses, irrespective of size have foremost objectives to achieve extreme competitive traction and customer satisfaction to ensure profitable growth. Correspondingly, below is the list of objectives which the restaurant intends to achieve within the five years’ time frame. To

Classifying Sport As Religious In Postmodern Times

Classifying Sport As Religious In Postmodern Times This paper will examine the question of if sport can be classed as a religion? It will then go on to discuss the implications this could have on religion and societies beliefs, looking specifically at the sporting event of football. Where the paper speaks of religion it will refer to the Christian religions that are widely practiced in the United Kingdom (UK), unless otherwise stated. The paper will explore various definitions of religion, from a traditional and postmodern perspective as well as briefly examining the term postmodern. After this arguments both for and against the notion above and any similarities in the values, rituals, beliefs and practices that football and traditional Christian religions in the UK hold will be explored. It is important to draw comparisons between religious life and that of a supporter of footballs life to fully understand if football is religious. I shall endeavour to examine such notions as does classing football as a religion take away the sacredness of religion or is it positive and progressive that people can choose their own religions rather than simply being lead, or following traditions passed on from generation to generation. There are many definitions of religious. In fact within Sociology it is well known that sociologists cannot agree on a single complete definition. For the benefit of this paper the definitions quoted here shall come from sociological or religious organisations. Below one can reflect on various definitions of religion, even if it is only to gain a sense of how vast and different the interpretations can be. Emile Durkheim defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called a Church all those who adhere to them. This statement could be related to traditional belief systems and religions and to sporting events, especially football as will be explored later on in this paper. According to the Oxford English Dictionary postmodernism is described as a late 20th -century style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism, which represents a departure from modernism and is characterized by the self-conscious use of earlier styles and conventions, a mixing of different artistic styles and media , and a general distrust of theories. In sociology the term postmodern has been defined as argues against the idea of objective truth So, form this it could be argued that if postmodernism is against the idea of a truth, then religion, as we have known it, can play no part in a post modern society. Religion would, at the very least be individualistic and would give members of society the opportunity to interpret religion as a personal belief system and way of life. Postmodern views on religion are far removed from some of the more traditional views within the UK. Before one can understand ant definition of religion via postmodern terms one must look to outline postmodernism. Again, this is hard to pin down due to the many variations. The post modern era, is for many the period of time post world war two (WW2). Postmodernists would state that society is in a constant state of change, it is ever evolving. Therefore there are no absolute truths, only relative ones. Basically each individual shall choose their own set of beliefs, values and understandings that shall replace religion as it has been known. One could describe it as a pick and mix where an individual takes from each traditional religion what they like, understand or believe and, in effect, create a personal religion that they and they alone are at one with. Where traditional religions would mean the coming together of communities in post modern times if the people are picking and mixin g then there is no formal meeting place for them to worship as they do not fit into one set religion. According to Furlong Cartmel (sociology introductory readings 2001) postmodernists such as Lyotard and Baudrilland argue that recent social changes have been so far-reaching that it is no longer possible to predict individual life chances or patterns of behaviour. Consequently they reject the validity of social science and key concepts such as class and race Religion can be applied to this idea, as religion has always been a key concept in the way one lives their lives, the groups they belong to and the moral and spiritual beliefs that they hold. Parry (2007) argued that, spirituality came about in force during the 20th century. Spirituality was originally associated with a formal religion, but then came postmodernism, and along with it many people developed their own views of religion, which is now more often described as spirituality. Spirituality in sport is different for every individual involved, from the feeling of exhilaration and exhaustion caused pushing the body to its limits, right through to a crowd of supporters who have returned to their own church to support their own religion. Janet Leaver ( Sport culture and society, 2006) states that Sports is one institution that holds together the people of a metropolis and heightens their attachment to a localeThe pomp and pageantry of sport spectacles create excitement and arouse fervour, doing for the people of the metropolis what religious ceremonies do for people in communal societies The sociologist Karl Marx once said, Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of heartless conditions, the soul of a soulless world. It is the opiate of the people. However,as the world evolved and people realised that they had a choice. In turn, Illya McLellan stated in the article named The Cult Of Football: A Religion for the Twentieth Century and Beyond(September 2008) But as the world moved on from this time there arose a new opiate of the people and, in its own way, a new religion. A religion that would in some ways inspire more devotion and fervour than its tired counterparts that were still mired in the doctrines of yesteryear. Briefly moving away from to UK to touch on our neighbours in the United States of America (USA) Harry Edwards (1973) argued that the universal popular religion of the USA is, in fact sports. To be considered a religion, sport must hold a number of characteristics that are also common within religion. Edwards states that there are thirteen factors that sport shares with religion. This paper will now go on to examine some of these thirteen characteristics, as well as other characteristics that this paper holds in high regard when comparing the two subjects, and ultimately show how sport can, at the very least show startling similarities between the two . The research that has been conducted in order to compile this paper has seen many, many similarities between football and religion. Below one can look at what one could argue are the perceived key issues and similarities between the religion and sport specifically football. As one can see the information provided below is quite compelling in answering part of the paper title In postmodern times can sport be classed as religious? Coming together as a community Within traditional Church settings the Church community has always held great importance; this extends to such organisations as the local Church fates, womens church groups and youth clubs that centre on their shared beliefs and faith. Within a football environment these past times have been replaced by the drink down the pub prior to a match, the meeting to organise the away events and such like. The community is centred on their followers beliefs and faith. Places of worship and pilgrimages Within the Church community it is expected that the worshippers have a place they can call their religious home, somewhere they can reflect upon their religion and travel to on a regular basis to hear the word of God. Within football this Church could be substituted for the home ground the football stadium of the followers team where they can attend to worship their team and call their spiritual home. It could be argued that football even has its own Cathedrals in the guise of places such as Wembley stadium, and even for some this could be considered a pilgrimage Belief Systems. Within football belief is an important part of football religion and culture. Every Saturday as the team in top position of the Premier League take on the relegation favourites there are thousands of people willing and believing that, against all odds their team will come through. They hold faith and belief that their team are the best, that their faith will see them through. The atmosphere is made up of the chanting and singing and many other rituals that will, hopefully turn their beliefs into a reality after ninety minutes. Much in the way that a traditional religious person will believe that they go to Church to be close to God, so the football fan believes that by attending week in week out their team will have support and the faith to go on and win the three points each team supporter believes they deserve. Edwards (1973), states that both religion and sport have a formal set of beliefs that its attendees must adhere to. Fans are told to have faith in their team in testing time s, just as Church attendees are expected to look to their faith in times of need. Gods and Saints v managers and players Religions pray to, and believe in their God and Saints, within football the followers idolise, and on occasion, chant and sing songs of praise about their players or managers. This could be seen as a distinct difference between traditional religions and football. However one could argue that followers of traditional faiths can, did, and do sometimes change their beliefs. Examples that spring to mind are when Christianity split between Rome and Constantinople and so formed the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Another example could be when Martin Luther split to form the Protestant Church as a revolt against Catholic Doctrine. However, it must be said that within football splits, changes and opinions do change much quicker than the traditional religious examples cited here. Symbols. The Cross and chain v the replica kit Within traditional religious communities it is common to see Church-goers adorning a cross on a chain and many attendees can be seen to clutch Rosary Beads. Some cross and chain wearers will, at certain times, be seen to kiss their cross as a symbol of faith, or for guidance and re-assurance. Within the religion of football the cross is exchanged for the team colours in the way of scarves, badges, flags and replica shirts.and football fans can often be seen to kiss the crest of their club that appears on the scarves and shirts they wear. Rituals and Hymns v rituals and chants When a football fan enters their home ground they will be welcomed with the familiar chants of their chosen team. Many of such chants will concentrate on club history, great victories, club saints and heroes, the famous pilgrimage to Wembley not to mention the chants they save especially to rejoice when their team scores that all important goal. Within the Church community these chants and songs are replaced by hymns that rejoice in the name of Jesus and God. Football provides a ritualistic weekend gathering for the devoted, as does Church and for the more lax followers they can catch up on match of the day, some may say its the football followers Songs of Praise. This very statement shows that football can be practiced amongst the masses, or more in private like night time prayers for the more traditional religious believers. Festivals. According to Stephen Tompkins in his article Matches made in Heaven he states that September is footballs Christmas, a joyful celebration of new birth after a season of expectant waiting The close of season brings Easters mix of grief and (if you are lucky) triumph, followed by the long Lenten period of summer. As one can see from this citation the similarities between religious festivals and sporting events are evident. Celtic v Glasgow Rangers religion and football can unite and divide It has been said that religion has been the cause of wars throughout the world, due to different peoples ideologies and beliefs. The very same can be said for football if we look at what is the most famous rivalry in the UK Celtic and Glasgow Rangers. Rangers Football club has always been portrayed as a Catholic football club and Celtic have always been portrayed as a Protestant football club. If one was to look at the BBC News website (www.bbc.co.uk/news) they would see that there is an article named A rivalry tied up in religion. This article goes on to state that this is such deeply rooted in supporters that The mutual animosity was outlined four years ago when some Celtic fans began flying Palestinian flags and some Rangers supporters responded by fluttering Israeli flags. Lever comments that a Celtic fan may feel his Catholicism most strongly when he faces a Rangers fan. It is important that this paper highlighted the fact that religion and football are already walking (or batt ling) hand in hand within the UK. Obviously there are groups that will argue what has been divulged so far within this paper is not religion, but a group of people who have a sense of belonging within a community, but that does not make the sport religious in its own right. The Church would be the first to argue that football is not religious as it does not worship God or Jesus. Michael Novak argues a sport is not a religion in the same way that Methodism, Presbyterianism, or Catholicism is a religionthese are not the only kinds of religion. There are secular religions, civil religions (Novak 18). Sports can easily fulfil the role that religion plays in society if the individuals seeking that spiritual influence allow for it. One could even go as far to compare footballs rites of passage to the Sacraments of the Catholic Church. Such things as baptism could be substituted for the first match, confirmation for the attendance your first match independently of your parents. Confession could be substituted for the after match analysis, where you admit your team could do better and that you feel you start to question your own faith. Indeed, some people are even indoctrinated into football and the following of a certain team from a young age. Followers may also, in extreme circumstances face fear in the thought of informing their parents that they no longer wish to follow their team and wish to follow another, much in the same way some Catholics may feel fear in wishing to turn to the Protestant faith or vice versa. It is clear that the more closely we analyze the mystique of sports, psychologically and functionally, the more we tend to use religious language to describe it. And no wonder: from its beginning athletics was regarded as a religious cultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦-Cornish Rodgers, The Christian Century As this paper has shown football is indeed a religion to many people around the UK and many similarities can be drawn between sport and religion. They meet in their thousands every week at the 92 football league grounds around the UK to profess their faith and beliefs with their fellow believers . I feel that, the notion that football can be classed as religion is true for all the reasons explored above. Of course there will be people who disagree with my findings, but these people will probably be of a Church community. In the 21st Century, sport does indeed fulfil the most common definition of religion as a system of beliefs and practices by which a group of people struggles with the ultimate problems of human life. Religion does not have clear-cut physical properties, nor are its characters readily ascertained and agreed upon (McGuire 1987, Religion: The social context) Now, what does this mean for religion and beliefs in society? Undoubtedly it means that the traditional norms and values of society have shifted, congregating in Church to pray to God has, for some, been replaced with meeting on the terraces to cheer on their local football teams. Undoubtedly, if sport is a religion it will, for some take away the sacredness that religions have previously held. But, is that due to the fact that religion, as the UK has traditionally known it, is redundant and has moved on to give way to spirituality. The community of religion is similar to that of sport For many, the worry lies in the fact that footballs moral teachings are not in line with what society needs for guidance and reassurance. It is imperative that people do take some moral guidance from the teachings of the Church and the Ten Commandments; however it could be argued that the law within the UK can draw direct comparisons to the Commandments themselves. By making the decision to not abide by the law the individual faces the risk of being held in custody. So, maybe the moral underpinning that the Church teaches can be sought and taught by other mediums? It must be said that although football is, for many, classed as a religion I can see no evidence that sport answers some of the age old questions of what happens to us after death and the likesbut maybe the post-modern society that we now live in makes such ponderings redundant so therefore there is no longer the need answers to such questions? Finally, if I had to categorise sport I would ideally prefer to say that football is more spiritual than religious, but as we have explored that religion does not really fit in with a post modern society. It is up to the individual to find what is for them, a spiritual journey.

Loss of Humanity in The Lottery

In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† there are many themes to pick up on, however the one that seems to be the most important is the theme of humanity. In this short story many things burst out at the reader but the theme of humanity is one that the reader must be looking for. The loss of humanity is apparent in the story because of the activities they are acting upon, their feelings of others, and the connation in which they speak. First and forth most, the lottery in which Jackson rights about is almost the opposite of what most states participate in today. Though the opening statement wouldn’t lead you to believe so, â€Å"The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day†¦the grass was richly green† (247) This expositions set the story out to be almost fairy-tale like, by showing the reader a perfect town. However it is far from this, the town is much worse than any evil step mother. The town is participating in an act of murder, even if they believe it is justifiable. The act of the lottery starts off with the gathering of the town. Soon the men began to gather†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (247) This than lead to the families gathering with their own. â€Å"The women, standing next to their husbands, began to call the children†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (247) The plot doesn’t become dark until the black box shows up. (248) Once the plot as become dark it stays that way until the ending. â€Å"‘It isn’t fair, it isn’t right,† Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her. †(252) though there are certainly more than a few examples of the loss of humanity however this the one that sticks out like a sore thumb. When the people are upon her it isn’t a trait of human kind, at not least the human kind of the past few centuries, that is something that animals do and not â€Å"civilized† humans. Secondly, the way that they talk about their neighboring towns shows the loss of humanity. First shown with Mr. Adam’s talking of the northern town and the loss of the lottery. When Old Man Warner hears he is all but happy. This was best shown by Brandon Ramos in his article, â€Å"Old Man Warner’s moral steadfastness helps to keep the village in check. He never even takes the time to explain the importance. He defends it, however, he never explains it. A lot of the villagers probably don’t even know why they do this. † (Ramos) Though the last part does show signs of a modern religion it is not something that is showing the humanity that it should. Not only was Old Man Warner enraged by the statement made about the other town he proceeds to say that it is actually that that makes them less civilized. He even goes as far to say that they are reverting back to old ways, â€Å"Next thing you know, they’ll be want to go back to living in caves,† (250) He is saying without the lottery they are become cavemen, which is eerie because it is the lottery in fact that makes them even less like cavemen or Greek citizen how worshipped the sun or the gods. This brings it to the last point, the way they speak shows sighs of inhumanity. The most prominent example of this is the title of Ramos’s article. It was said by Old Man Warner, once again, but it read, â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon. (250) (Ramos), this suggests that the murder in the lottery is nothing but a sacrifice to make the harvest as plentiful as possible. Another example, though not speech, this example is of body language and how the town’s people showed it off. The way that Tessie is pleading at the end and yet the body language of her fellow ton’s folk is nothing but normal. The last example would be how quickly here friends and family choose to turn on her. Her husband, never even said a word about the result of the lottery. And her friends seemed to have turned on her faster than anyone else did. Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone as large she had to pick it up with both hands and turned to Mrs. Dunbar ‘come on. ’ She said ‘Hurry up. ’† (252) The sum of it all is that through out the story the town’s people showed inhumanity through the acts that surrounded the lottery. Old Man Warner was the biggest supporter of the lottery even though he never supported why. The whole town supported him through and through tough it was morally wrong in many ways. Lastly the way the town’s people spoke and presented themselves showed nothing but inhumanity.

Eating Apples at Night: a Korean Superstition

Eating Apples at Night: a Korean Superstition â€Å"An apple a day keeps the doctor away. † This adage is taught to most western children as a way of verbalizing that apples are very healthy to eat. In theory, if we eat an apple every day, we will be so healthy that we won’t need a doctor. Although this is an exaggeration of the health benefits of apples, we can all agree that this is one healthy fruit. Koreans also have the same belief, but there is one exception. It’s believed in Korea that eating an apple at night is actually unhealthy.Eating apples at night would be difficult for one’s stomach to digest, leading to indigestion. This would lead to a sick feeling and make it difficult to get a good night’s sleep. The origins of this theory are unknown, but this belief seems to be well known in Korea. Most people don’t eat apples at night anyway, but Koreans will admit to hearing about this from an elder at some point in their life. A few of those will actually believe it and refrain from eating â€Å"sah gwah† (apples) at night.The fact that apples are very healthy is no mystery, but does that change when eating them at night? Eating food before going to sleep is generally a bad idea because foods that are spicy, heavy or fatty will make it difficult to sleep soundly. Apples, however, have none of those properties and are actually filled with vitamins, minerals and antioxidants that are beneficial for sleeping. For example, apples contain vitamins C, B6 potassium. They help to decrease blood pressure, improve breathing and lower blood sugar.They also help the body to secrete serotonin causing the nerves to relax easier. All of that provides for a good night’s rest. There are also polyphenols (antioxidants) which are found mainly in the skins of apples. They assist the body in breaking down carbohydrates and regulating blood sugar, providing a steady level of energy (so you don’t stay up due to an energy spike). That causes body fat to burn steadily, all while you are sleeping. Most of an apple is really just water, but there is enough fiber to help you feel full as you sleep.This fiber also is good for digestion and aids in cleansing the colon. The fiber is easily digested and soluble in the intestines. If anything is unhealthy, it could be the fact that apples contain (natural) sugar and account for about 10% of the body’s carbohydrate needs. However, combined with all the other healthy properties, the good far outweighs the bad. If all these facts are to be believed, then an apple at night is actually very healthy and helpful to eat, as opposed to the Korean thought that it’s unhealthy.Due to the fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants which help the body to feel full, relaxed and keep blood pressure and sugar levels stable, the apple is a great snack to have before going to bed. Try it for yourself and see if you can feel and enjoy it. Let’s make a new slogan for apples: â€Å"An apple at night makes the body feel alright! † By Stephen Redeker Health information provided by Matthew Lee â€Å"Eating Apples Before Bed† at www. livestrong. com

Physics of Swimming Essay - 1870 Words

The study of physics and fluid dynamics in swimming has been a field of increasing interest for study in the past few decades among swimming coaches and enthusiasts. Despite the long history of research, the understanding of how to move the human body effectively through the water is still in its infancy. Competitive swimmers and their coaches of all levels are constantly striving for ways to improve their stroke technique and overall performance. The research and performances of todays swimmers are continuously disproving the beliefs of the past. Like in all sports, a better understanding of physics is enabling the world class swimmers to accomplish times never before thought possible. This was displayed on the grandest of†¦show more content†¦Until the Australians began their first period of dominance in the 1950’s, swimmers thought the best way to reduce frontal resistance was to keep the body completely flat, riding on top of the water, in an effort to hydro plane.2 According to Cecil Colwin, the most effective way to reduce frontal resistance is rolling the body from side to side with the stroke, known commonly as body roll. Another cause of frontal resistance is lifting the head to high in the water while breathing, swimming or both. Not only does the greater area of the face catch water, but it also causes the lower body to sink.3 It is generally accepted that the first step in becoming a good swimmer is dealing with the effects of frontal resistance. Skin Friction Skin friction is the kinetic friction of the swimmers skin and suit with the water. This can be easily dealt with a couple of ways. 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